Regulatory Frameworks for SMRs

Executive Summary

This policy brief examines the regulatory considerations and frameworks necessary for the successful implementation of Small Modular Reactor (SMR) technology in developing nations. It provides guidance for policymakers and stakeholders on establishing appropriate regulatory structures that ensure safety while enabling efficient deployment.

Key Regulatory Challenges

Developing nations face several unique challenges when establishing regulatory frameworks for nuclear energy:

• Limited existing nuclear regulatory infrastructure
• Shortage of experienced nuclear regulatory personnel
• Need to adapt international standards to local contexts
• Resource constraints for comprehensive regulatory programs
• Balancing safety requirements with development timelines

Recommended Regulatory Approach

Based on international best practices and case studies, we recommend a phased approach to regulatory development:

Phase 1: Foundational Framework

• Establish an independent nuclear regulatory authority
• Develop core legislation based on IAEA fundamental safety principles
• Initiate international partnerships for regulatory capacity building
• Begin training programs for regulatory staff

Phase 2: SMR-Specific Regulations

• Develop graded approach to regulation based on SMR risk profile
• Establish streamlined licensing processes appropriate for modular deployment
• Create specific guidelines for emergency planning zones reflecting SMR safety characteristics
• Develop environmental assessment frameworks specific to SMR deployment

Phase 3: Operational Oversight

• Implement inspection and compliance monitoring programs
• Establish protocols for operational experience feedback
• Develop decommissioning and waste management regulations
• Create mechanisms for continuous regulatory improvement

International Cooperation Models

Several models exist for international regulatory cooperation that can benefit developing nations:

• Vendor country regulatory partnerships
• IAEA technical cooperation programs
• Regional regulatory networks (e.g., African or Caribbean regulatory groups)
• Bilateral agreements with experienced nuclear regulators

Case Studies

The brief examines regulatory approaches from several relevant cases:

• UAE's development of nuclear regulatory framework
• Ghana's preparation for research reactor and potential power reactor regulation
• Argentina's regulatory approach for small reactor deployment
• Jordan's regulatory development process

Recommendations for Policymakers

Based on the analysis, we recommend that developing nations considering SMR deployment:

• Begin regulatory development at least 5-7 years before planned deployment
• Prioritize independence of the regulatory body from promotion activities
• Leverage international expertise while developing local capacity
• Adopt a risk-informed, performance-based regulatory approach
• Engage with SMR vendors early to understand design-specific regulatory needs
• Develop public communication strategies regarding regulatory decisions